Bars show mean± SEM * P < 0.01 P14–P60 ** P < 0.01 all ages n.s., no significant differences by ANOVA with Tukey HSD. ( C) Percent Tmem119 + cells by age and post-LPS treatment, using ECD mAb.
![acad 2016 shear tool acad 2016 shear tool](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/fAN9jxydoMA/maxresdefault.jpg)
![acad 2016 shear tool acad 2016 shear tool](https://autocadtips.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/10et.jpg)
(Scale bars, 50 μm.) ( B) Tmem119 and Iba1 IR in brain sections from different ages (maximum intensity projection, MIP). ( A) Schematic showing timing of Tmem119 IR in microglia. Tmem119 is a developmentally regulated but stable microglia marker. (Scale bars: 100 μm in A, D, and E 40 μm in C and F.) See also SI Appendix, Fig. n = 4–9 except BM, CD45 + liver, CD45 + thymus where n = 2. Data presented as mean ddCT ± SEM * P < 0.01 compared with whole brain Tmem119 ** P < 0.02 by ANOVA with post hoc Tukey HSD for dCT values. ( G) qPCR analysis of Tmem119, Csf1r, and Cx3cr1 expression by whole tissues and Tmem119 by CD45 + cells compared with average expression of each gene in whole brain. ( F) Tmem119 mRNA was not detected in Cd163 + perivascular macrophages (arrows dotted line highlights one vessel). C1q + cells in the choroid plexus ( D) and meninges ( E) were Tmem119 − (arrows). ( C) Higher power showing C1q + Tmem119 + and a rare parenchymal C1q + Tmem119 − cell (arrow). ( B) Sagittal brain schematic of panel locations. Composited from two adjacent imaging fields. ( A) In situ hybridization of mouse brain revealed widespread Tmem119 expression by myeloid ( C1q +) cells. Tmem119 is specifically expressed by parenchymal myeloid cells in the CNS. RNAseq developmental neuroscience glia macrophage microglia. Together, we anticipate these resources will be valuable for the future study and understanding of microglia in health and disease. We used these to demonstrate that mouse microglia mature by the second postnatal week and to predict novel microglial functions. Using our antibodies, we provide, to our knowledge, the first RNAseq profiles of highly pure mouse microglia during development and after an immune challenge.
![acad 2016 shear tool acad 2016 shear tool](https://pubs.rsc.org/image/article/2020/LC/d0lc00254b/d0lc00254b-f1_hi-res.gif)
We developed monoclonal antibodies to its intracellular and extracellular domains that enable the immunostaining of microglia in histological sections in healthy and diseased brains, as well as isolation of pure nonactivated microglia by FACS. Here, we identify transmembrane protein 119 (Tmem119), a cell-surface protein of unknown function, as a highly expressed microglia-specific marker in both mouse and human. Because of their unique developmental origins and predicted functions, the distinction of microglia from other myeloid cells is critically important for understanding brain development and disease better tools would greatly facilitate studies of microglia function in the developing, adult, and injured CNS. The specific function of microglia, the tissue resident macrophages of the brain and spinal cord, has been difficult to ascertain because of a lack of tools to distinguish microglia from other immune cells, thereby limiting specific immunostaining, purification, and manipulation. 8 Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305.7 University of California, San Francisco Epilepsy Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143.
![acad 2016 shear tool acad 2016 shear tool](http://jointmopla.weebly.com/uploads/1/3/2/9/132976151/628948679_orig.png)